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, , , . ; , , , , , . , , , . , , , , [53].

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[1] R. Sakwa. Gorbachev and His Reforms, 19851990. Englewood Cliffs ( N. J.), 1991. P. 357; .: Is Soviet ism Reformable? The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. Ed. by A. Dallin and G. W. Lapidus. Boulder , 1995. P 320.

[2] . : A. slund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. Wash. , 1995. P. 2652;

M. S. Fish. Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. Princeton , 1995. P. 3; Washington Post. 15 December. 1991; B. Williams. Review on John Keeps Last of the Empires: A History of the Soviet Union , 19451991. Russian Review. 56. 1. January 1997. P. 143; D. Saunders. Review on Theodore Taranovskis ed., Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress or Cycle? Europe-Asia Studies. 48. 5. July 1996. P. 868.

[3] M. Malia. Leninist Endgame. Daedalus. 121. 2. Spring 1992. P. 60; A. Besanson. Breaking the Spell. Can the Soviet System Survive Reform? Seven Colloquies the e of Soviet ism Seventy Years after the Bolshevik Revolution. Ed. by G. R. Urban. L., 1989. P. 202.

[4] . M. Malia. The Soviet Tragedy: A History of ism in Russia , 19171991. N. Y., 1994. P. 5; M. Malia, Stephen R. Graubard. The Mystery of Z. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 44. 2. November 1990. P. 8; M. Malia. To the Stalin Mausoleum. The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. P. 667.

[5] . : R. L. Garthoff. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Wash. , 1994. P. 352.

[6] . M. Dobbs. Strobe Talbott and the Cursed Questions. Washington Post Magazine. 9 June. 1996. P. 11; R. Service. A History of Twentieth-Century Russia . Washington Post Book World. 22 March. 1998. P. 10.

[7] (Reinhard Bendix) (. : A. Dallin. Causes of the Collapse of the USSR . The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. P. 688).

[8] ., : A. Braun, R. B. Day. Gorbachevian Contradictions. Problems of Communism. 39. 3. MayJune 1990. P. 3650; D. Simes. Gorbachevs of Troubles. Foreign Policy. 82. Spring 1991. P. 97117; A. slund. Gorbachevs Struggle for Economic Reform. Ithaca , 1991; M. I. Goldman. What Went Wrong with Perestroika. N. Y., 1991. P. 210219.

[9] C. : C. McGiffert Ekedahl, M. A. Goodman. The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze. University Park (PA), 1997. P. 50; G. Chiesa. Transition to Democracy: Political Change in the Soviet Union , 19871991. Hanover , 1993. P. 203; P. Rutland. Sovietology: Who Got It Right and Who Got It Wrong? Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia . Ed. by M. Cox. N. Y., 1998. P. 43.

[10] ( Rasma Karklins) ( J. Keep. Last of the Empires: A History of the Soviet Union , 19451991. N. Y., 1995. P. 416).

[11] . D. M. Kotz, F. Weir. Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System. N. Y., 1997. P. 239; New York s. 09.01.2000; M. S. Fish. Democracy From Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. Princeton , 1995. P. 3, 51; St. Kotkin. The e Is It Us? Memoirs, s, and Kremlinologists. Russian Review. 61. 1. January 2002. P. 50; New York s. 02.05.1998.

[12] . . . : 19851991. ., 2002. . 326.

[13] . M. Wyman. Public Opinion in Postcommunist Russia . N. Y., 1997; Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Newsline. 16.03.2001; S. White. Gorbachev and After. N. Y., 1992. P. 180181.

[14] . A. Lebed. My Life and My Country. Wash. , 1997. P. 321; R. Braithwaite. Across the Moscow River : The World Turned Upside Down. New Haven , 2002. P. 242; . 2329.08.2001.

[15] Ph. G. Roeder. Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics. Princeton , 1993. P. 5.

[16] ., : M. Kammen. A Season of Youth: The American Revolution and Historical Imagination. N. Y., 1978.

[17] . . BBC, 8 2002. Johnsons Russia List ( list). 20.03.2002.

[18] ., : R. Sakwa. Gorbachev and His Reforms. P. 192; J. Gooding. Perestroika as Revolution from Within: An Interpretation. Russian Review. 51. 1. January 1992. P. 3657; G. Chiesa. Transition to Democracy. P. 3.

[19] . . 13.04.1990; . 27.02.1990.

[20] . . (. 11.11.1988).

[21] . E. Teague. Constitutional Watchdog Suspends Presidential Decree. Radio Liberty Report on the USSR . 2. 42. 19.10.1990. P. 910.

[22] . . : . ., 1996. . 75.

[23] . . . . : . ., 1993. . 356.

[24] . G. Gill. The Collapse of a -Party System: The Disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . N. Y., 1995. P. 17475; . . . . 2- . ., 1995. . 2. . 575; B. Kagarlitsky. Square Wheels: How Russian Democracy Got Derailed. N. Y., 1994. P. 142.

[25] . . . . ., 1997. . 35; . 57 1990 . ., 1990. . 1112.

[26] . 01.07.1991.

[27] (. . 03.03.1988; . 05.04.1988).

[28] . XIX . . 2- . ., 1988. . 2. . 88, 175.

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[30] . : . 12.05.1991.

[31] . . . : . , 1994. . 1722, 205212.

[32] . . . . . 2. . 578.

[33] . 26.09.1990.

[34] ., , . (14.01.1990).

[35] . J. B. Urban, V. D. Solovei. Russia s Communists at the Crossroads. Boulder , 1997; M. Luke. The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia . N. Y., 2002.

[36] ., : A. slund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. P. 28.

[37] . . 18.09.1990; 26.04.1990.

[38] A. slund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. P. 28; R. Service. A History of Twentieth-Century Russia . Cambridge ( Mass. ), 1997. P. 492.

[39] P. Desai. Perestroika in Perspective. Princeton , 1990. P. 106.

[40] ., , , . , 1991 , , , (. A. slund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. P. 30).

[41] . 08.06.1991.

[42] Washington Post. 0709.07.1991.

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[45] . St. Kotkin. Trashcanistan. New Republic. 15.04.2002; R. Pipes, Communism: A History.

L., 1994. P. 41; A. Nove. The Fall of Empires: Russia and the Soviet Union . The Fall of Great Powers: Peace, Stability, and Legitimacy. Ed. by G. Lundestad. Oslo , 1994. P. 144.

[46] V. Shlapentokh. A Normal Totalitarian Society: How the Soviet Union ed and How It Collapsed. Armonk, 2001. P. 164166.

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A Normal Totalitarian Society. P. 158.

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[49] R. G. Suny. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union . Stanford, 1993. P. 150.

[50] FBIS. 30.09.1991. P. 70.

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[52] . M. Gorbachev. On My Country and the World. N. Y., 2000. P. 132; Johnsons Russia List. 20.08.2001.

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Источник

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, — , ().

Slavic Review. Vol. 63. 3. Fall 2004.P. 459488.

XX XXI : , , ? 1991- , , : , , — .

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.

1 R. Sakwa. Gorbachev and His Reforms, 19851990. Englewood Cliffs (N. J.), 1991. P. 357; .: Is Soviet ism Reformable? The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. Ed. by A. Dallin and

G. W. Lapidus. Boulder, 1995. P 320.

2 . : A. slund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. Wash., 1995. P. 2652;

M. S. Fish. Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. Princeton, 1995. P. 3; Washington Post. 15 December. 1991; B. Williams. Review on John Keeps Last of the Empires: A History of the Soviet Union, 19451991. Russian Review. 56. 1. January 1997. P. 143; D. Saunders. Review on Theodore Taranovskis ed., Reform in Modern Russian History: Progress or Cycle? Europe-Asia Studies. 48. 5. July 1996. P. 868.

3 M. Malia. Leninist Endgame. Daedalus. 121. 2. Spring 1992. P. 60; A. Besanson. Breaking the Spell. Can the Soviet System Survive Reform? Seven Colloquies the e of Soviet ism Seventy Years after the Bolshevik Revolution. Ed. by G. R. Urban. L., 1989. P. 202.

4 . M. Malia. The Soviet Tragedy: A History of ism in Russia, 19171991. N. Y., 1994. P. 5; M. Malia, Stephen R. Graubard. The Mystery of Z. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 44. 2. November 1990. P. 8; M. Malia. To the Stalin Mausoleum. The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. P. 667.

5 . : R. L. Garthoff. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Wash., 1994. P. 352.

6 . M. Dobbs. Strobe Talbott and the Cursed Questions. Washington Post Magazine. 9 June. 1996. P. 11; R. Service. A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Washington Post Book World. 22 March. 1998. P. 10.

7 (Reinhard Bendix) (. : A. Dallin. Causes of the Collapse of the USSR. The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. P. 688).

8 ., : A. Braun, R. B. Day. Gorbachevian Contradictions. Problems of Communism. 39. 3. MayJune 1990. P. 3650; D. Simes. Gorbachevs of Troubles. Foreign Policy. 82. Spring 1991. P. 97117; A. slund. Gorbachevs Struggle for Economic Reform. Ithaca, 1991; M. I. Goldman. What Went Wrong with Perestroika. N. Y., 1991. P. 210219.

9 C. : C. McGiffert Ekedahl, M. A. Goodman. The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze. University Park (PA), 1997. P. 50; G. Chiesa. Transition to Democracy: Political Change in the Soviet Union, 19871991. Hanover, 1993. P. 203; P. Rutland. Sovietology: Who Got It Right and Who Got It Wrong? Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia. Ed. by M. Cox. N. Y., 1998. P. 43.

10 (Rasma Karklins) (J. Keep. Last of the Empires: A History of the Soviet Union, 19451991. N. Y., 1995. P. 416).

11 . D. M. Kotz, F. Weir. Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System. N. Y., 1997.

P. 239; New York s. 09.01.2000; M. S. Fish. Democracy From Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. Princeton, 1995. P. 3, 51; St. Kotkin. The e Is It Us? Memoirs, s, and Kremlinologists. Russian Review. 61. 1. January 2002. P. 50; New York s. 02.05.1998.

12 . . . : 19851991. ., 2002. . 326.

13 . M. Wyman. Public Opinion in Postcommunist Russia. N. Y., 1997; Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Newsline. 16.03.2001; S. White. Gorbachev and After. N. Y., 1992. P. 180181.

14 . A. Lebed. My Life and My Country. Wash., 1997. P. 321; R. Braithwaite. Across the Moscow River: The World Turned Upside Down. New Haven, 2002. P. 242; . 2329.08.2001.

15 Ph. G. Roeder. Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics. Princeton, 1993. P. 5.

16 ., : M. Kammen. A Season of Youth: The American Revolution and Historical Imagination. N. Y., 1978.

17 . . BBC, 8 2002. Johnsons Russia List ( list). 20.03.2002.

18 ., : R. Sakwa. Gorbachev and His Reforms. P. 192; J. Gooding. Perestroika as Revolution from Within: An Interpretation. Russian Review. 51. 1. January 1992. P. 3657; G. Chiesa. Transition to Democracy. P. 3.

19 . . 13.04.1990; . 27.02.1990.

20 . . (. 11.11.1988).

21 . E. Teague. Constitutional Watchdog Suspends Presidential Decree. Radio Liberty Report on the USSR. 2. 42. 19.10.1990. P. 910.

22 . . : . ., 1996. . 75.

23 . . . . : . ., 1993. . 356.

24 . G. Gill. The Collapse of a -Party System: The Disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. N. Y., 1995. P. 17475; . . . . 2- . ., 1995. . 2. . 575; B. Kagarlitsky. Square Wheels: How Russian Democracy Got Derailed. N. Y., 1994. P. 142.

25 . . . . ., 1997. . 35; . 57 1990 . ., 1990. . 1112.

26 . 01.07.1991.

27 (. . 03.03.1988; . 05.04.1988).

28 . XIX . . 2- . ., 1988. . 2. . 88, 175.

29 . 02.07.1991; . 26.09.1990.

30 . : . 12.05.1991.

31 . . . : . , 1994. . 1722, 205212.

32 . . . . . 2. . 578.

33 . 26.09.1990.

34 ., , . (14.01.1990).

35 . J. B. Urban, V. D. Solovei. Russias Communists at the Crossroads. Boulder, 1997; M. Luke. The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia. N. Y., 2002.

36 ., : A. slund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. P. 28.

37 . . 18.09.1990; 26.04.1990.

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